By some estimates, 5G backhaul, assuming that is the only backhaul option, could cost mobile operators about $130 billion. So the new integrated access and backhaul portion of the 3GPP Release 16 standard will help by allowing cell sites to use millimeter wave spectrum (or any other mobile spectrum) for backhaul, obviating the need to pull new optical fiber links in every instance.
IAB supports multiplexing access and backhaul in the time, frequency and/or space domains, with theoretical bandwidth depending on link distance. About 10 Gbps is possible for backhaul at distances of 100 kilometers to 500 kilometers. Up to 100 Gbps is possible for links of less than 20 km. For connections of less than 10 km, as much as 1 Tbps is conceivable.
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